Automatic Mouse And Keyboard Tutorial Set Variablefasrangry



Automatic Mouse And Keyboard Tutorial Set Variablefasrangry

  • The actual code
  • Results

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Welcome for our 6th tutorial !

We will now learn how to use the mouse and the keyboard to move the camera just like in a FPS.

Since this code will be re-used throughout the tutorials, we will put the code in a separate file : common/controls.cpp, and declare the functions in common/controls.hpp so that tutorial06.cpp knows about them.

The code of tutorial06.cpp doesn’t change much from the previous tutorial. The major modification is that instead of computing the MVP matrix once, we now have to do it every frame. So let’s move this code inside the main loop :

This code needs 3 new functions :

  • computeMatricesFromInputs() reads the keyboard and mouse and computes the Projection and View matrices. This is where all the magic happens.
  • getProjectionMatrix() just returns the computed Projection matrix.
  • getViewMatrix() just returns the computed View matrix.

Automatic Mouse And Keyboard Tutorial Set Variablefasrangry Keyboard

This is just one way to do it, of course. If you don’t like these functions, go ahead and change them.

Let’s see what’s inside controls.cpp.

We’ll need a few variables.

Variablefasrangry

FoV is the level of zoom. 80° = very wide angle, huge deformations. 60° - 45° : standard. 20° : big zoom.

We will first recompute position, horizontalAngle, verticalAngle and FoV according to the inputs, and then compute the View and Projection matrices from position, horizontalAngle, verticalAngle and FoV.

Orientation

Automatic Mouse

Reading the mouse position is easy :

And

but we have to take care to put the cursor back to the center of the screen, or it will soon go outside the window and you won’t be able to move anymore.

Notice that this code assumes that the window is 1024*768, which of course is not necessarily the case. You can use glfwGetWindowSize if you want, too.

We can now compute our viewing angles :

Let’s read this from right to left :

  • 1024/2 - xpos means : how far is the mouse from the center of the window ? The bigger this value, the more we want to turn.
  • float(…) converts it to a floating-point number so that the multiplication goes well.
  • mouseSpeed is just there to speed up or slow down the rotations. Fine-tune this at will, or let the user choose it.
  • += : If you didn’t move the mouse, 1024/2-xpos will be 0, and horizontalAngle+=0 doesn’t change horizontalAngle. If you had a “=” instead, you would be forced back to your original orientation each frame, which isn’t good.

We can now compute a vector that represents, in World Space, the direction in which we’re looking

This is a standard computation, but if you don’t know about cosine and sinus, here’s a short explanation :

The formula above is just the generalisation to 3D.

Now we want to compute the “up” vector reliably. Notice that “up” isn’t always towards +Y : if you look down, for instance, the “up” vector will be in fact horizontal. Here is an example of to cameras with the same position, the same target, but a different up:

Automatic

In our case, the only constant is that the vector goes to the right of the camera is always horizontal. You can check this by putting your arm horizontal, and looking up, down, in any direction. So let’s define the “right” vector : its Y coordinate is 0 since it’s horizontal, and its X and Z coordinates are just like in the figure above, but with the angles rotated by 90°, or Pi/2 radians.

Automatic Mouse And Keyboard Tutorial Set Variablefasrangry

We have a “right” vector and a “direction”, or “front” vector. The “up” vector is a vector that is perpendicular to these two. A useful mathematical tool makes this very easy : the cross product.

To remember what the cross product does, it’s very simple. Just recall the Right Hand Rule from Tutorial 3. The first vector is the thumb; the second is the index; and the result is the middle finger. It’s very handy.

Position

The code is pretty straightforward. By the way, I used the up/down/right/left keys instead of the awsd because on my azerty keyboard, awsd is actually zqsd. And it’s also different with qwerZ keyboards, let alone korean keyboards. I don’t even know what layout korean people have, but I guess it’s also different.

The only special thing here is the deltaTime. You don’t want to move from 1 unit each frame for a simple reason :

  • If you have a fast computer, and you run at 60 fps, you’d move of 60*speed units in 1 second
  • If you have a slow computer, and you run at 20 fps, you’d move of 20*speed units in 1 second

Since having a better computer is not an excuse for going faster, you have to scale the distance by the “time since the last frame”, or “deltaTime”.

  • If you have a fast computer, and you run at 60 fps, you’d move of 1/60 * speed units in 1 frame, so 1*speed in 1 second.
  • If you have a slow computer, and you run at 20 fps, you’d move of 1/20 * speed units in 1 second, so 1*speed in 1 second.

which is much better. deltaTime is very simple to compute :

Field Of View

For fun, we can also bind the wheel of the mouse to the Field Of View, so that we can have a cheap zoom :

Computing the matrices

Computing the matrices is now straightforward. We use the exact same functions than before, but with our new parameters.

Backface Culling

Now that you can freely move around, you’ll notice that if you go inside the cube, polygons are still displayed. This can seem obvious, but this remark actually opens an opportunity for optimisation. As a matter of fact, in a usual application, you are never inside a cube.

The idea is to let the GPU check if the camera is behind, or in front of, the triangle. If it’s in front, display the triangle; if it’s behind, and the mesh is closed, and we’re not inside the mesh, then there will be another triangle in front of it, and nobody will notice anything, except that everything will be faster : 2 times less triangles on average !

The best thing is that it’s very easy to check this. The GPU computes the normal of the triangle (using the cross product, remember ?) and checks whether this normal is oriented towards the camera or not.

This comes at a cost, unfortunately : the orientation of the triangle is implicit. This means that is you invert two vertices in your buffer, you’ll probably end up with a hole. But it’s generally worth the little additional work. Often, you just have to click “invert normals” in your 3D modeler (which will, in fact, invert vertices, and thus normals) and everything is just fine.

Enabling backface culling is a breeze :

Automatic Mouse And Keyboard Tutorial Set Variablefasrangry Windows 10

  • Restrict verticalAngle so that you can’t go upside-down
  • Create a camera that rotates around the object ( position = ObjectCenter + ( radius * cos(time), height, radius * sin(time) ) ); bind the radius/height/time to the keyboard/mouse, or whatever
  • Have fun !
  • Related Questions & Answers

Auto Clicker

  • Selected Reading
PythonServer Side ProgrammingProgramming

In this article, we will learn about the use of the Keyboard module in Python 3.x. Or earlier.

Ide preferred − Jupyter notebook

Installation −

Functionalities of the module −

  • Allows us to block the action of specific keys
  • We can manage intents from the keyboard using on click listeners.
  • Cross-platform compatibility.
  • Supports special & hotkeys available on the keyboard.

Now let’s implement this in the form of code −

Example

Output

Example

Output

We can also use the record and the play method available in the keyboard module that can be directly imported into the console. In this way, we can also record keyboard activities. To know more details you may refer to https://pypi.org/project/keyboard/

Conclusion

In this article, we will learn about the application of the keyboard module in Python 3.x. Or earlier. Download the patch ps vic edu au free download.





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